HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Investigating biology is the interaction of biological, cognitive, socio-emotional, and ecological processes. Genetic factors are the basic framework of the biological development processes, such as the development of the brain, heart, lungs, and nervous system.
Contents
Characteristics of Biological Influence
Concept and definition
Theories of Personality
Structuring Personality
Types of Defense Mechanism
Conclusion
Characteristics of Biological Influence
Eloise can understand the Laboratory Manual Pearson Growth and Behavior from the characteristics mentioned below
Behaviors are Reproduced in Successive Generations
Behaviors in species are handed down edition including from generation to generation. In other words, Carter the particular Carter collects data about behaviour that continues over several generations. For example, Morgan lives in flocks.
Change in Biological Process Determines Change in Behavior
Judith Changes in biological processes determine changes in human growth and behaviour. For example, suppose there is damage in a particular area. In that case, that person may change as he may express more aggressiveness or emotionality. Similarly, the intake of certain drugs may alter brain chemistry, which has produced behavioural changes in human beings.
Investigating Biology Laboratory Manual
Lab manuals have observed in families that if a person in the family has a mental disorder, other members of the same family may have the same problem to some extent because they investigate biology lab manuals carrying some similar genes that are transmitted over generations.
4) Genes are Evolutionary
Behavioural changes occur through the evolution of genes. The genes of chimpanzees and human beings are almost identical. So, chimpanzees are closest to human beings and their characteristics and behaviours are more or less to human investigation which can be traced based on the history of the evolution of genes.
Concept and Definition
Brown, Carter and Eloise Brown is a controversial concept. People use it in various ways. The term „personality‟ is derived from the Latin word „Persona,‟ a theatrical mask used by actors in those days to indicate their role in a theatrical play.
Information
People usually participate in the process and think that personality means physical attractiveness or reputation etc. Different terms are used to describe a person, such as an introvert, etc. Thus, everyone has a personality.
This personality includes Reece and both the outer self and inner self-interacting with each other. All
Emphasize
These definitions emphasize the total person, i.e., Giles Morgan’s external appearance, abilities, tendencies, and innate and acquired characteristics. Some of these definitions are discussed below.
process of science and development Coleman (1960) defined personality as the individual’s unique pattern of traits, which distinguishes him and accounts for his unique and relatively consistent way of interacting with his environment.
According to Science and Develop Creative Mischel (1986), personality usually refers to the distinctive patterns of behaviour (including thoughts and emotions) that characterize each individual’s adaptation to the situations of his or her life.
One of the most appropriate definitions of personality has been given by G.W. Allport. He defined personality as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment.
Characteristics of Personality
1) Personality is unique.
2) Personality refers to the relatively stable qualities of an individual.
3) Personality represents the dynamic orientation of an organism to the environment.
4) Personality is greatly influenced by social interaction.
Theories of Personality
Personality experiments have been classified into four groups. They are.
1) Trait theories
2) Psychodynamic theories
3) Behavioral theories
4) Humanistic theories
Trait Theories
Judith Giles Morgan’s Trait theory attempts to describe personality as the sum of certain traits. According to the laboratory manual encourages “trait is a stable and enduring attribute of a person which is revealed consistently in different situations.” Allport believed that the pattern of these traits is unique in each individual and determines his behaviours.
Therefore, conducting open-ended experiments is consistent with personality characteristics and behaviours manifested in different situations.
Psychodynamic
Trait theorists assume that all people possess certain traits, but the degree to which a particular trait applies to a specific person varies and can be quantified.
Trait theorists must identify specific primary traits to describe personality. For example, if we compare the personalities of two people, one being an extrovert and another being an introvert.
Behavioural
The extrovert would be social, happy-go-lucky, and make friends easily while the introvert‟ ‘s behaviour would be shyness, lack of initiative in social interactions, etc.
Gordon Allport suggested traits, viz. cardinal, central, and secondary traits in personality.
The best-selling laboratory manual, Eloise Brown Carter provides uniqueness to the person is the cardinal trait. This cardinal trait is observed in almost all behaviours throughout one’s life. A child who becomes the leader from the beginning tries to be a leader in the state. Central trait refers to the major characteristics of an individual.
These traits make up the core of personality, such as honesty and sociability, usually number from five to ten in any person.
Secondary traits are characteristics that affect fewer situations. These traits are less enduring. For example, if a person is invited to attend a marriage party, Robert B may wear sherwani for this purpose but in general, he may like to wear casuals.
Personality psychologist Raymond Cattell (1965) viewed personality as being made up of two types of source traits. He suggested that sixteen pairs of source traits represent the basic dimensions of personality.
He called source traits the core factors of personality, underlying internal traits responsible for behaviours. On the other hand, surface traits are some general traits.
He researched these surface traits and applied factor analysis.
Humanistic
Another theorist, Hans Eysenck (1992, 1994, 1995) also used the factor analysis method to identify patterns of traits in discussing the nature of personality. He viewed personality as something that could be described in terms of just three major dimensions: extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.
Eysenck suggested that can be predicted accurately in situations by evaluating these three dimensions.
The most influential trait approach contends that five traits or factors – called the Big Five – lie at the core of personality. Nowadays the Big Five represents the best description of personality traits. The Big Five factors are:
(a) Extroversion,
(b) Agreeableness,
(c) Conscientiousness,
(d) Emotional stability and
(a) Extroversion
Extroversion refers to a personality dimension describing someone as, gregarious, and assertive. Agreeableness describes someone who is good-natured, cooperative and trusting. Conscientiousness is a measure of reliability that someone is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized. Emotional stability characterizes someone as calm, self-confident, and secure.
(b) Agreeableness
A person with high negative scores can be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure. Openness to experience dimension of personality characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity.
They have cautioned that personality traits will not be expressed across different situations. Walter Mischel has discussed trait-situation interaction, which is assumed to influence how a trait is expressed.
(c) Conscientiousness
Trait theories do not reveal the origin of different traits and how they develop and can be modified or changed. These theories are empirical or data-oriented. Factor analysis theory has been criticized because individuality is lost.
(d) Emotional stability
The advantage of trait theories is that traits can be measured and persons can be compared based on differences. Traits can be used to explain consistency in behaviours and why people behave differently in a particular situation.
Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Psychodynamic theories of Personality are otherwise called Psychoanalytic theories of Personality. These theories are based on the fact that personality is motivated by inner forces about which individuals have little awareness and over which they have no control.
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian physician, propounded the psychoanalytic theory in the early 1900s. His theory is based on two forms of observation. Freud viewed the conflict between their primary drives, social pressures, and early childhood experiences.
Structuring Personality
Sigmund Freud, a clinical psychologist, developed a comprehensive theory of personality. He has categorized the structure of personality into two:
a) Topographical aspects of the mind
b) Dynamic aspects of mind
Topographical aspects of the mind
Freud has divided the structure of the mind into three levels:
- 1) the conscious,
- 2) the preconscious or the subconscious and
- 3) the unconscious.
Types of Defense Mechanism
Defence mechanisms differ in application across various sectors. A person can use several different mechanisms even for a similar situation. Not all defence mechanisms help, some are maladaptive and can lead to the total loss of an individual from reality. The defence mechanisms are classified into successful and unsuccessful defence mechanisms. Below is an explanation of the defence mechanisms in question.
SUCCESSFUL DEFENSE MECHANISM
(i) Sublimation
In all instances, this defence mechanism is considered the most thorough and successful by general consensus. It is the transformation of sexual and aggressive urges into creative work in socially acceptable directions. Thus, it channels socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behaviour. For example, a person becomes a professional cricket player.
UNSUCCESSFUL DEFENSE MECHANISMS
(i) Denial
It is a mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowledge a threatening situation.
(ii) Regression
It is a defence mechanism in which a person falls back on child-like patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations. It refers to a state where an adult behaves like a child, wetting his bed after his parents bring home a new baby.
(iii) Repression
It is a primary defense mechanism and it is a direct method of dealing with anxiety. Repression is a defence mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead putting those events into the unconscious mind. The memory of a childhood sexual abuse incident may be inaccessible to a person due to repression.
(iv) Projection
The literal meaning of projection is “throwing out”.Projection is the mechanism by which one transfers the blame for his shortcomings, mistakes, and misdeeds to others and attributes to others his unacceptable thoughts.
(v) Rationalization
It is the invention of unconsciously acceptable motives by the ego to cover up those unconscious motives that it cannot accept. In other words, it refers to a socially approved motive for a socially disapproved one. Mechanism: a person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behaviour. For example, a person who gives a lot of donations to charity may consider himself.
(vi) Reaction Formation
It is the defence mechanism by which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioural reaction to one‟ ‘s true feelings. Reaction formation is the development of behaviour. For example, a person may overtly state that he is not angry by showing a smile.
(vii) Displacement
Normal adults frequently experience displacement in their dreams. It implies redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one. This defence mechanism involves the discharge of an unconscious impulse by shifting from one original object to a substitute. For example, a child may be angry with his mother, he may not express his anger towards his mother due to social restriction but may do so by breaking his doll into pieces.
(viii) Identification
In this defence mechanism, a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety. For example, a student may identify himself with a bachelor professor whose qualities he may like.
(ix) Compensation
In this defence mechanism, a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another. Compensation: A person tries to cover up his weaknesses by overemphasizing strengths in other areas. For example, a person who is not a good player may put all his energies into becoming a good academician.
Besides these mechanisms, other mechanisms like isolation, fantasy, fixation, etc. people use it to overcome unpleasant experiences. When faced with a threat to their ego, an individual can protect it by utilizing defence mechanisms, which helps them manage conflicts and keep a well-balanced personality. However, excessive use of defence mechanisms is dangerous for the ego.
Conclusion
Human development is a complex interplay of biological, cognitive, socio-emotional, and ecological processes. Genetic factors provide the foundation for biological development, influencing the growth and functioning of organs and systems.